Fungal biofilms (FBs) are a major threat to the health of immunocompromised individuals. In humans, common FB-associated infections include pulmonary aspergillosis and gingivitis, as well as skin, gut, and vaginal infections. Major human-pathogenic FBs include Candida spp. Aspergillus spp., Cryptococcus spp., etc. Although several medi-cines control infections caused by these fungi, drug resistance makes infections more fatal and requires more effec-tive treatments. In such cases, plant-based compounds offer potentially safer and effective alternatives, with the main limitation of a short shelf life. Nanotechnology-based interventions, which enable the use of plant extracts to synthesize nanoparticles, address this drawback and support targeted, sustained delivery of plant bioactive com-pounds in managing FBs. In conclusion, nanotechnology holds significant potential for plant metabolites, provided frameworks and setups monitor the long-term effects of nanomaterials to ensure safe and effective use without harmful impact.
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